Which subtype of nonverbal communication refers to the management of space?

The correct answer focuses on the concept of proxemics, which is specifically concerned with how individuals use space in communication and the effects of physical distance on interactions. Proxemics examines the various distances people maintain during conversations and how these spatial arrangements can convey messages about relationships, comfort levels, and social context. For example, standing close to someone might indicate intimacy or familiarity, while maintaining a greater distance could suggest formality or discomfort.

Chronemics, on the other hand, relates to the perception and use of time in communication. Haptics involves the use of touch as a form of communication, and paralanguage pertains to the non-verbal elements of voice, such as tone, pitch, and volume. While these areas are all important aspects of nonverbal communication, they each address different elements rather than the management of space, which is the primary focus of proxemics.